<p>The Harvard Center Historic District is a historic district encompassing the traditional village center of Harvard, Massachusetts, USA. The district is centered on the town common, a triangular grassy space bounded by Elm Street, Still River Road, and Ayer Road. The common is ringed by residences, civic and religious buildings, and a small commercial area. The common was laid out when the town was founded in 1732, and has grown, mainly in periods of growth at the late 18th and late 19th/early 20th centuries. Most of the village&#39;s buildings post-date 1831. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is roughly cruciform in shape, radiating out from the common along Still River Road (west), Massachusetts Avenue (Massachusetts Route 111) to the north and south, and Oak Hill Road and Old Littleton Road to the east. It covers about 125 acre, and includes 59 historically significant houses, that range in architectural styles and age from the 18th to 20th centuries. The main civic buildings are located at the northern end of the common, and include a stone animal pound, a small powder house, and the 1872 Gothic Revival town hall, which stands next to an older (1828) Greek Revival frame building, now a residence, that also served as town hall.</p><br>
<p>The district is home to two church buildings: the 1867 Colonial Revival First Congregational Church, set on the location of the town&#39;s first colonial meeting house, and the 1840 Methodist meeting house, now a private residence at 13 Massachusetts Avenue. Two of its architecturally most sophisticated buildings are the Bromfield School (1878, Romanesque Revival) designed by Peabody & Stearns, and the public library (1886, also Romanesque) designed by William Channing Whitney.</p><br>
<p>El Molino Viejo, also known as The Old Mill, is a former grist mill in the San Rafael Hills of present-day San Marino, California, United States, and was built in 1816 by Father José María de Zalvidea from the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel . It is the oldest commercial building in Southern California, and was one of the first ten sites in Los Angeles County to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places, receiving the recognition in 1971. The Old Mill has also been designated as a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and operation as a grist mill</h2><br>
<p>Though there are varying accounts of the exact date, San Gabriel Mission records indicate it was built in 1816. The mill was built on land owned by the San Gabriel Mission, and was designed by Franciscan Father José Maria de Zalvidea, then in charge of the mission. It was built by Tongvan Mission Indian laborers under the supervision of Father Zalvidea.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built like a fortress. Its lower walls are nearly five feet thick at the base, and are made of brick and volcanic tuff. Some have written that the thick fortress-like walls were intended to allow the padres to barricade themselves in the event of "a disturbance among their somewhat uncertain converts." The upper walls are made of sun-dried adobe slabs, and the buildings surface is covered with a lime mortar made from burnt sea shells. The pine and sycamore beams are tied with leather thongs, and the structure is also supported by large buttresses which can still be seen on buildings exterior corners.</p><br>
<p>Water was brought to the mill in an open ditch (zanja) from Los Robles and Kewen Canyons, There were three vaulted water chambers on the ground floor and a single horizontal water wheel. The water wheel was attached to a vertical shaft that went up to the second level (the current entrance room) where the grinding stones were located. One of the grinding stones was attached to the shaft, and rotated along with the water wheel. A second stone was placed above the rotating stone, with corn and grain between the stones. It is suspected that the force of the water from the cistern was not sufficient to start the wheel turning with the required force, and that a leather thong was wrapped around the shaft and pulled by Indians to start the wheel. The upper-most room, used now as an art gallery, was used for storage of the final product. After the water flowed out of the mill, it was channeled into Wilson Lake down hill from the mill. The lake was drained in the mid-1920s and is now the site of San Marino&#39;s Lacy Park.</p><br>
<p>It was the first water-powered grist mill in Southern California, While some have called Father Zalvidea&#39;s horizontal design a "mechanical marvel, evolved and constructed by a mastermind," others considered the design flawed as it splashed moisture up the shaft, leaving the flour damp. The mill was operational for only seven years, during which time it provided food for the missionaries and Indian neophytes, there were 1,644 Tongva-Gabrieleños in 1816</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent uses as a residence and golfing clubhouse</h2><br>
<h3>Disputes over title</h3><br>
<p>After the new mill was opened in 1823, the Old Mill reportedly sat idle for 30 years, during which time it was victimized by vandals and the weather. In 1846, Pío Pico &ndash; last Mexican governor of Alta California &ndash; sold 16,000 acre, including the mill, to Julian Workman and Hugo Reid (co-grantee of the adjacent Rancho Huerta de Cuati).</p><br>
<p>However, after the Mexican Cession of California to the USA in 1848, John C. Fremont refused to accept the validity of the transaction. With title to the land in a state of uncertainty, James S. Waite (publisher of The Star newspaper) established squatter&#39;s rights over 160 acre, including the Old Mill.</p><br>
<h3>Occupancy by the Kewens</h3><br>
<p>The property was subsequently sold to Dr. Thomas White for $500. In 1858, Dr. White conveyed the "Old Mill Site" to his daughter Fannie Kewen; she and her husband, Col. Edward J. C. Kewen, both lived there for 20 years. The Kewens added onto the building, installing French windows, a front portico, and a small plaza. Col. Kewen has been described as "old-time Southern gentleman" and "one of the most courteous and politely-polished men California has ever seen." There are many accounts of parties hosted by the Kewens at the Old Mill and of their "prodigal hospitality" and "gracious style of living". It was said that "the gallant and gay gathered from miles &#39;round, listened to the twanging of the guitar and the jolly click of the castenets, and through it all danced gay dances on the floors that once had echoed the quiet footfall of the priest." In 1879, the Kewens defaulted on a mortgage, and the property was foreclosed on by J. Edward Hollenbeck. Hollenbeck sold the property to Edward Mayberry in 1881, who used the structure as housing for his ranch superintendent.</p><br>
<h3>Rediscovery in the late 19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1898, Los Angeles Times reporter Topsy Tinkle wrote a lengthy article following a visit to El Molino Viejo. At that time, the mill was being used to store wine, causing the smell of wine to permeate the building, and as a sleeping place for hired men. Tinkle described the condition of the mill as follows:</p><br>
<p>The grinding-stones have gone, and also the machinery that in the romantic time of the old mission padres and their Indian neophytes, was wont to turn their corn into meal, and yet, in the material of the building itself, no sign of decay. The large oak beams, only ten inches apart, as sound as in the day the original trees lifted their leafy tops high in air. The cement of which the structure is made apparently defies time... There are three wheel-houses, the arches of which have been bricked up, and the old millstones are at San Marino, J. De Barth Shorb&#39;s noted ranch near by, where they are used as stepping-stones.... Padre and Indian have long gone to their rest, and the old mill is absolutely lifeless and deserted save many tiny chameleons that bask and sun themselves in the heated air...</p><br>
<h3>Acquisition and use by the Huntingtons</h3><br>
<p>In 1903, the mill site was purchased by the Huntington Land and Improvement Company. When the Huntington Hotel opened in 1914 on the nearby hill, the land around the mill was turned into a golf course, with El Molino Viejo as the clubhouse. The land was later subdivided, leaving the Old Mill vacant.</p><br>
<h3>Reconversion to residential use</h3><br>
<p>In 1927, Leslie Huntington Brehm, the widow of Henry Huntington&#39;s son, and her husband took over the property, intending to preserve it. They hired Frederick H. Ruppel, a contractor who had restored the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Ruppel turned the mill into a home with modern amenities, but he made no structural change to the original walls. Ruppel also preserved and restored the old features, and where new materials were needed, he sought to maintain the old Mission-style appearance.</p><br>
<h3>Current use as a museum and art gallery</h3><br>
<p>When Mrs. Brehm died in 1962, the Old Mill was willed to the City of San Marino. There is also a 16th-century volcanic rock fountain in the patio to the east of the mill. The fountain was acquired in Mexico by Mrs. Brehm&#39;s daughter, Mrs. Albert Doerr.</p><br>
<h2>Legend of Catalina</h2><br>
<p>In his 1898 publication, Topsy Tinkle recounted a story that the Indians told about a natural spring located on the site of the Old Mill. The story told of a 16-year-old Indian named Catalina with "thick, jet-black hair" and "big, melting black eyes." Catalina lived in the time of the San Gabriel Mission and gave roses to the Virgin Mary in hopes that she could win the heart of the handsome José, even hoping that "something dreadful" would happen to another girl of whom José was fond. When José left for two years serving on a ship, Catalina turned her back on the Virgin, and Catalina began praying to the old "Mexican god", described as a "hideous clay image". Catalina died of sorrow when José did not return, and her body was buried on the spot where the mill was later built, a spot from which a natural flow of spring water "slowly oozes". According to the legend, oozing spring water is "only the tears from a loving woman&#39;s broken heart."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>As the oldest commercial building in Southern California, El Molino Viejo has been recognized as a historic site at the state and national levels. In 1937, it was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. It was one of the first ten sites in Los Angeles County to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, receiving the recognition in 1971. It has also been designated as a California Historical Landmark (No. 302) that reads:</p><br>
<p>NO. 302 OLD MILL – The Old Mill, El Molino Viejo, was designed by Father José María Zalvidea and built of fired bricks and adobe about 1816 to serve Mission San Gabriel. Another grist mill was built in 1823 near the mission and the old mill was gradually abandoned – it passed from mission control in 1846. The property remained in private hands until 1903, when Henry E. Huntington bought the building and used it for a golf clubhouse. Later owners, Mr. and Mrs. James Brehm, had the mill restored in 1928 by Frederick Rupple.</p><br>
<p>The Hubbard-Dawson House is a historic house in Holden, Massachusetts. This rambling -story wood-frame house is the only surviving instance of Colonial Revival and Queen Anne styling in Holden. The central portion of the house is fairly old, and may date to 1832, when a house was known to be standing on the property. The house at one time had Italianate styling, as evidenced by pre-1890s photographs, which suggest construction from the 1850s, but these decorations appear to have been added onto an architecturally older building. The house is also important for its ownership by Charles Dawson, owner of the Dawson Manufacturing Company, a major local employer between 1872 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Maples Cottage is a historic cottage in Westborough, Massachusetts, USA. Located on the former grounds of the Lyman School for Boys, this Greek Revival cottage was built in 1832 by Rev. William White on the site of a 1725 parsonage. The property was acquired by the state in 1884, and used as part of the reform school, which is now closed. The building has lost most of its exterior Greek Revival styling .</p><br>
<p>The cottage was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and included in the historic district encompassing the Lyman School in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Plimpton–Winter House is a historic house in Wrentham, Massachusetts. This two-story wood-frame house, built in 1868, is Wrentham&#39;s finest Italianate house. It has the boxy shape and low hip roof with bracketed eave, elements that are typical of the style, along with a front entry porch with bracketed cornice and balustrade above. Its first owner, Francis Plimpton, was president of the First National Bank of Wrentham for forty years, and its second owner, Murray Winter, was co-owner of a local factory.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Roebuck Tavern is a historic tavern at 21 Dedham Street in Wrentham, Massachusetts. The two-story Federal style structure was built in 1795 by David Fisher, whose family was one of the earliest to settle the area in the 17th century. Fisher operated a tavern, which would have been successful, as Wrentham was then a stop on the stagecoach route between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. The building remained in the Fisher family until 1910.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Queen Avenue Bridge is a reinforced concrete single-span barrel arch bridge in Minneapolis that spans the tracks used by the Minnesota Streetcar Museum. The bridge was built in 1905 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Much of the significance of the bridge is due to it being the third-oldest reinforced concrete arch bridge in Minnesota. It also retains most of the integrity of the design from its original plans.</p><br>
<p>It was evaluated in 1989 as part of the Reinforced-Concrete Highway Bridges in Minnesota MPS, and then listed on the National Register that year.</p><br>
<p>The Anne C. and Frank B. Semple House is a historic house in the Stevens Square/Loring Heights neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It is located on the same block as the George R. Newell House and the George W. and Nancy B. Van Dusen House. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in the Beaux-Arts architectural style, reflecting a shift in style toward the classicism of the Renaissance and away from Victorian ideals. Its first owner, Frank Semple, was a partner in Janney, Semple, and Co., a wholesale hardware firm. The entry on Franklin Avenue has a balustraded entry porch with Ionic columns, a detailed Palladian window, and a rounded bay. The interior has a reception hall with mahogany paneling, a hardwood floor with marble inlays, and a frescoed ceiling. Interior spaces include a 1,000 ft&sup2; living room and a ballroom.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is now available as a reception site for weddings and other events.</p><br>
<p>NRHP Property: 325 acre</p><br>
<p>Oakwood Cemetery is a nonsectarian rural cemetery in northeastern Troy, New York, United States. It operates under the direction of the Troy Cemetery Association, a non-profit board of directors that deals strictly with the operation of the cemetery. It was established in 1848 in response to the growing rural cemetery movement in New England and went into service in 1850. The cemetery was designed by architect John C. Sidney and underwent its greatest development in the late 19th century under superintendent John Boetcher, who incorporated rare foliage and a clear landscape design strategy. Oakwood was the fourth rural cemetery opened in New York and its governing body was the first rural cemetery association created in the state.</p><br>
<p>It features four man-made lakes, two residential structures, a chapel, a crematorium, 24 mausolea, and about 60,000 graves, and has about 29 mi of roads. It is known both for its dense foliage and rolling lawns, and has historically been used as a public park by Lansingburgh and Troy residents. Oakwood was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Prominent Americans such as Uncle Sam Wilson, Russell Sage, and Emma Willard, at least fourteen members of the United States House of Representatives, and the founders of both Troy and Lansingburgh are buried at Oakwood. The cemetery has been said to be "one of New York State&#39;s most distinguished and well-preserved nineteenth-century rural cemeteries." It also offers a famous panoramic view of the Hudson River Valley that is said to be the "most concentrated and complete overview of American history anywhere in America".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first rural cemetery in the United States—Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts—was developed in the 1830s. Rural cemeteries are burial grounds typically located on the fringe of a city that offer a natural setting for interment of the dead. The development of rural cemeteries followed closely with the English garden movement of the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Troy Cemetery Association was formed on September 9, 1848; John Paine, D. Thomas Vail, Isaac McConihe, George M. Tibbits, John B. Gale, and Stephen E. Warren were elected its trustees. It was the first rural cemetery association incorporated under an 1847 law authorizing the incorporation of such associations. The trustees appointed a committee to report on an eligible location for a cemetery and on September 5, 1849, the first parcel of land was purchased. On October 16, 1850, the land of the cemetery was consecrated and Oakwood became the fourth rural cemetery founded in New York. The Association is made up of lot owners who are elected by fellow lot owners; the position is voluntary and receives no pay.</p><br>
<p>Oakwood was designed by John C. Sidney, a Philadelphia engineer familiar with cemetery design, with the help of Garnet Douglass Baltimore, the first African American to earn a degree from the nearby Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The plan consisted of roads, man-made lakes, dense vegetation, and rolling hills, covering about 300 acre, including the modern sections A through Q. Sidney also designed the original superintendents house and receiving tomb, neither of which exist today. For all Sidneys extensive planning, the first plots were laid out in a seemingly haphazard manner by the first superintendent, Robert Fergusson.</p><br>
<p>Although Sidney was the architect of the cemetery, it was superintendent John Boetcher that gave Oakwood its charm. Boetcher became superintendent in 1871 and continued in the position until 1898. At the beginning of his tenure, Oakwood was said to be quite crude. During Boetchers tenure Oakwoods most important icons were built: the Earl Chapel and Crematorium, the Warren Chapel Mortuary, the keepers house, the office lodge, numerous mausolea, and both the 101st Street and 114th Street entrances (including a bridge over the Troy and Boston Railroad on Oakwoods western border to the 101st Street entrance). Boetcher incorporated exceptional landscape design techniques during his tenure; Oakwood developed shifting landscape scenery: some areas are dominated by flowing lawns while others comprise dense foliage. Boetcher brought in rare and foreign plants to help beautify the cemetery, including umbrella pines and Colorado blue spruce.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, the City of Troy bought the property of the Third Street Burying Ground for the site of a new city hall. This was the burial site for many of Troy&#39;s earliest inhabitants; the city had bought lot number 102 in Section N for re-interment of 146 graves. The Vanderheyden family and Jacob Lansing, founders of Troy and Lansingburgh respectively, were re-interred in Oakwood from private, family cemeteries. With these re-interments, the graves within Oakwood span the entire the history of Troy.</p><br>
<p>Although it was a cemetery by definition, Oakwood quickly became a place for recreation and was used in its early days as a public park. In response to its popularity, many memorials include benches in their design, aimed to invite visitors to rest while enjoying their visit. So popular was Oakwood that in 1908 the Association began a stage service between the Oakwood Avenue and 114th Street entrances.</p><br>
<p>A 325 acre section of Oakwood was nominated for the National Register of Historic Places in August 1984 and was added to the Register on October 10, 1984. The cemetery originally owned about 110 acre on the east side of Oakwood Avenue, but sold the land in two transactions in the 2000s (decade). The land deals were made to increase the Association&#39;s operating income. As of 2009, the cemetery contained roughly 60,000 graves and its numbers continue to grow. The Association expects to be able to accept interments until at least the early 23rd century.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Oakwood is built on an escarpment that rises east of the fluvial plain surrounding the Hudson River, opposite the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk. It is in eastern Lansingburgh, within the northeast section of the city of Troy. Its western edge is dominated by a steep, densely vegetated hill that descends to the city below while the central and eastern portions of the cemetery comprise rolling hills graced with trees and vegetation that include four man-made ponds created by damming local streams.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery covers 352 acre of which 325 acre contribute to the listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In the east–west direction, the cemetery extends from Gurley Avenue and the bed of the old Troy and Boston Railroad on the west, to Oakwood Avenue on the east. The northern boundary is Farrell Road Extension and the southern boundary is a line that extends due east from a point just south of 101st Street, to Oakwood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is split into sections for ease of finding graves which, for the most part, follow an alphabetic (e.g., Section K) or alphanumeric (e.g., Section D-3) naming system, though there are some that follow a numeric scheme. The sections are split by paved and gravel roads and pedestrian paths that total 29 mi.</p><br>
<p>There are three operating entrances to the cemetery. The main entrance is on Oakwood Avenue at the southern tip of the property; it is flanked by the keeper&#39;s house. The 114th Street entrance is marked only by a gate and connects to Gurley Avenue. The 101st Street entrance passes the office lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The large amount of space in rural cemeteries permits the use of sculpture in a way that the crowded churchyard never really allowed. Many rural cemeteries, including Oakwood, subsequently became virtual outdoor sculpture museums, displaying the works of well-known contemporary sculptors as memorials to the deceased. Oakwood is home to thousands of individual statues and sculptures as well as 24 private mausolea.</p><br>
<p>Many historically important sculptors are represented on the grounds of Oakwood. Robert E. Launitz, creator of the memorial urn for A. J. Downing on the National Mall in Washington, D. C., sculpted the memorial for Major General George H. Thomas, which incorporates a white marble sarcophagus topped with a bald eagle. Joseph Fuller&#39;s grave is marked by an elaborately carved Celtic Cross—one of the first in the cemetery—and is based on another monument that Fuller saw while visiting Ireland.</p><br>
<p>One of the most significant monuments is that to Major General John E. Wool. The 75.5 ft monolithic obelisk which was a technological marvel in its day is constructed from granite quarried and shaped by the Bodwell Granite Company of Vinalhaven, Maine, and at 650 tons was believed to be the largest shaft quarried in the United States up to that time. It was transported to Troy by boat and brought to the cemetery on rollers. This and the many other obelisks in the cemetery exhibit the sentiment and taste of the Victorian and Edwardian eras.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 the Troy Cemetery Association set aside an area in Section P, called the Soldiers&#39; Plot, for deceased Army and Navy officers and soldiers from Rensselaer County.</p><br>
<h3>Gardner Earl Memorial Chapel and Crematorium</h3><br>
<p>The most significant building on the property is the Gardner Earl Memorial Chapel and Crematorium, a Richardsonian Romanesque structure built between 1887 and 1889, which sits near the edge of the escarpment about 300 ft above the Hudson. The building was financed by William S. Earl, a successful Troy manufacturer, as a memorial to his son who became ill and died on a trip to Europe in March 1887. The deceased son was an early promoter of cremation</p><br>
<p>The building consists of a 90 ft bell tower with an 18 ft square base on the south side, connected by a triple-arched loggia to a chapel and crematorium on the north side. The floor plan of the entire building measures 136 by. The exterior is covered by a pink-tinted Westerly granite and the foundation sits completely on bedrock.</p><br>
<p>The interior is noted for its sumptuous and intricate design. The original furnace room was transformed into an elaborately designed reception room in 1889, the furnaces having been moved into a separate room. This features significant use of marble, from Siena, Japan, and Africa, on its walls, floors, and molding. The Troy Daily Times stated on November 7, 1889, that, "the chapel is a model of architectural and mechanical skill,"</p><br>
<p>The interior of the chapel is marked by quartered oak ceilings, bluestone floors, and five original Tiffany stained glass windows. The chancel contains an onyx altar and mosaic floor made of more than twenty colors of marble.</p><br>
<p>The Earl Crematorium was listed in its own right on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 and was designated a National Historic Landmark on March 5, 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Warren Family Mortuary Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The Warren Family Mortuary Chapel is a stone chapel built on a knoll near the center of the cemetery. It was designed by Henry Dudley of New York City and built in 1860 in the English country Gothic style, complete with a nave and transept floor plan. A tower was added in 1883, with great care placed on finding building material that matched the earlier structure. The Chapel contains stained glass windows above the altar designed by artist Robert Walter Weir. Former member of the United States House of Representatives Joseph Mabbett Warren (1813–1896) is interred in the chapel.</p><br>
<h3>Vanderheyden Bell</h3><br>
<p>The Vanderheyden Bell, a memorial itself, is located northeast of the Earl Crematorium. It is a bronze, cast bell weighing more than 3,000 lb. Its original home was under a log shelter on the premises. At some point, it was placed into storage. In 1971 it was resurrected and hung among four redwood posts, becoming an additional "tower" on the property.</p><br>
<h3>Mausolea</h3><br>
<p>Oakwood is home to 24 mausolea and burial vaults exhibiting a wide range of architectural styles including Greek Revival, Egyptian Revival, Roman Revival, Gothic Revival, Romanesque, and Palladian. These structures are scattered throughout the grounds, some clustered, some not. They house the remains of some of Troy&#39;s wealthier and more notable historical figures.</p><br>
<p>The Cannon Mausoleum is mainly Greek Revival to look at, but also has Romanesque aspects, such as a cruciform floor plan and a domed roof. The Strope Mausoleum is a simplified Greek Revival structure, with a bronze door in the Art Nouveau style displaying an angel surrounded by lilies. The Tracy Mausoleum, incorporating the most eclectic mix of design influences on the property, has a rock-faced stone exterior covered with foliate carvings. It displays a combination of Romanesque, Moorish, and Baroque elements, and is topped with a "beehive" roof—one of its more recognizable design features. The Tibbits Mausoleum, Vail Vault, and Gale Mausoluem are all done in the Gothic Revival style. The Kemp Mausoleum is the Palladian representative on site and the Paine Mausoleum is another eclectic design, octagonal in shape, and flanked by benches.</p><br>
<p>The Sage Mausoleum, built of Westerly granite, exhibits obvious Greek influences and is intentionally not marked. Russell Sage, the wealthy financier and member of the United States House of Representatives from Troy, is interred alone; his second wife Margaret decided to be buried with her parents in Syracuse. To the left of the memorial is a bench that contains a relief of Medusa on the center of the back, complete with snakes as hair.</p><br>
<h3>The Panorama</h3><br>
<p>The Panorama is an 84 in panoramic photograph created by local photographer Tom Wall and set in acrylic on a steel stand in the cemetery&#39;s northwestern section. It sits at the edge of a bluff directly overlooking the grounds of Lansingburgh High School and Knickerbacker Middle School. The photograph spans a 100 mi view and contains labels and notes—referred to by the Troy Cemetery Association as "cliff notes"—about the history of objects shown in the photograph. From this point, one can view Albany and the Empire State Plaza (most notably the Corning Tower and Alfred E. Smith Building), the Helderberg Escarpment, South Troy, downtown Troy, Lansingburgh, Watervliet, Green Island, Cohoes, the Cohoes Falls, Waterford, the Hudson River, the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers, and the eastern terminus of the Erie Canal. The Troy Cemetery Association claims that the view offers the "most concentrated and complete overview of American history anywhere in America". It shows evidence of paleolithic rocks, Native Americans, the Dutch, the British, the French and Indian Wars, the American Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the "Way West" movement resulting in the creation of the Erie Canal and Champlain Canal.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>There are a number of historically prominent figures buried at Oakwood. At least fourteen members of the United States House of Representatives (all from New York) are buried there, including E. Harold Cluett, John Paine Cushman, John Dean Dickinson, William Henry Draper, Edward Whitford Greenman, Job Pierson, Russell Sage, Dean Park Taylor, John Richardson Thurman, George Tibbits, Martin Ingham Townsend, Henry Vail, Joseph Mabbett Warren (also the mayor of Troy), and Eliphalet Wickes. The cemetery also has its fair share of military men, such as Joseph Bradford Carr, a general during the Civil War; John Augustus Griswold, a promoter of ironclad ships and manufacturer of iron panels for the; Commodore Cicero Price (1805–1888), who served in the American Civil War and commanded the East India Squadron; George Henry Thomas, a general during the American Civil War, nicknamed the "Rock of Chickamauga&quot and John E. Wool, commander-in-chief of the American forces during the Mexican–American War. Phineas D. Ballou, who served as mayor of Burlington, Vermont, spent part of his youth residing in Troy and was buried at Oakwood after his accidental death in 1877.</p><br>
<p>The founders of Troy and Lansingburgh, Jacob D. Vanderheyden and Abraham Jacob Lansing respectively, were both re-interred at Oakwood, having been moved there from downtown in 1869. Emma Willard, pioneer of womens education and founder of the Troy Female Seminary, which was later renamed Emma Willard School in her honor; John C. Baker, A USA Army major general who commanded the 42nd Infantry Division and served as Adjutant General of New York, is buried at Oakwood. Finally, Oakwood is also the final resting place of Samuel Wilson, the progenitor of Americas national symbol, Uncle Sam.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Widows and Orphans Home, located in Louisville near St. Matthews, Kentucky, is a historic building on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built by the Grand Lodge of Kentucky to support the widows and orphans of Master Masons, but now is open to all senior citizens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Masonic Widows and Orphans Home was formed in 1867 due to a discussion on November 23, 1866, pondering what to do with the number of widows and orphans of Masons caused by the American Civil War; the 1867 founding makes Kentucky&#39;s Masonic Widows and Orphans Home the oldest Masonic home in North America. It started when a group of Louisville Freemasons on November 23, 1866, gathered with an intention of creating such a home. The Kentucky General Assembly chartered the organization in January 1867. The initial starting funds for starting the home was $30,000, with additional funds totaling $20,000 and $12,000 separately. The cornerstone of the original home, located north of Avery Street between First and Second Street in what was previously a cornfield, was laid in 1869, with the first resident admitted on April 7, 1871. The building was completed in 1873. A tornado on June 2, 1875, damaged the roof and center walls of the original building, but no one was injured.</p><br>
<p>World War I and the Spanish influenza outbreak during and immediately after the war caused overcrowding. Thus, the decision was made to construct a larger orphan&#39;s home than the original in Louisville, to the present-day location in Louisville/St. Matthews on Frankfort Avenue, at the cost of $9,400,000. Construction began in 1925 on the 176 acre location, and the residents moved to it on August 15, 1927. Louisville daily newspaper The Courier-Journal called it "Little City Beautiful". The largest concentration of orphans at the home was 632 in 1930. The last orphan left in 1989, resulting in the home being solely for senior care.</p><br>
<h2>Modern era</h2><br>
<p>Most of the buildings established at the campus are still in existence. The Grand Lodge of Kentucky has its offices at the location. Until the orphans were eventually taught in public schools, originally their education was on the campus, with a cannery, farm operation, print shop, sewing room, and shoe shop there to teach the orphans a trade to support themselves in their adulthood. The St. Johns Day League Infirmary took care of sick residents. Once Kentucky state laws forbid using crops grown on the farm to feed the residents, the farm operations were sold off in 1988. The Home now accepts residents who are not related to Masons. In 2009 construction began on the property for the Kosair Charities Pediatric Day Care Center. The center opened in 2010 as Sproutlings Pediatric Day Care & Preschool.</p><br>
<p>There was another Masonic orphanage in Louisville area, established across the Ohio River in Port Fulton, Indiana (now part of Jeffersonville), on the grounds of the former Jefferson General Hospital. It also ran out of orphans around the year 1990, and the grounds were used to construct a newer Masonic temple for the local lodges and Order of the Eastern Star chapters.</p><br>
<p>File:GLKY Main Gate.JPGMain Gate, off Frankfort Avenue</p><br>
<p>File:GLKY Office 2.JPGOffices of the Grand Lodge of Kentucky, on the premises</p><br>
<p>The Northumberland Apartments is a historic apartment building in the U Street Corridor of Washington, D.C. The Classical Revival building was constructed in 1909-10 by local real estate developer Harry Wardman and Albert H. Beers. In 1980, the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Siting</h2><br>
<p>The Northumberland Apartments occupies a significant lot on New Hampshire Avenue, N.W. The irregular shape of the lot, created by the intersection of this major diagonal avenue and the grid of LEnfants 1791 plan for the Federal City, dictated the shape of the building. The Northumberland&#39;s eclectic, classical facade blends harmoniously with the buildings in the area and contributes to the visual variety and richness of the New Hampshire Avenue streetscape between Sixteenth Street and Florida Avenue. The building remains an unaltered element in a neighborhood identity created by Victorian rowhouses, large apartment buildings, and churches and institutional buildings. The variety of building types and styles, and the unusual spatial configuration of the short blocks and irregularly-shaped lots, creates a richness of streetscape seldom found so intact in the city today.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Beers designed the Northumberland in an eclectic early-twentieth century adaptation of eighteenth-century classicism. Its design and conception were French in origin, illustrating Beers familiarity with the current fashion in apartment design. The quality of construction, materials, and craftsmanship found in the building is exceptionally high. The Northumberland stands in its original state; this unaltered condition contributes significantly to the buildings importance. The Northumberland is perhaps the only such example of an early-twentieth century luxury apartment building left intact in Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Northumberland is approached by a semi-circular driveway. The building is red and white brick and dressed limestone and features an eclectic collection of classical architectural elements. The facade is divided into three horizontal bands. The upper and lower bands are white brick and stone and are each two stories high. The configuration of the fenestration is the same on both levels, although the scale is smaller in the upper band. The windows are paired vertically - an arched window above a square one - and contained within a quoined Gibbs surround that encompasses the windows and the spandrel between. Similar limestone quoins are also found at the corners of the two bands.</p><br>
<p>The middle band of three floors is rough red brick. The rectangular windows are unusually large and are capped by pressed brick jack arches with stone console keystones. An elaborate metal bracketed cornice forms a projecting cap for the building and eloquently defines the roofline. The variety and richness of the materials and textures contribute to the impressive dignity of the Northumberland. Other detailing, including limestone ledges and quoins, add a decorative element.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the facade is the Palladian-inspired recessed entry. The curved space, framed by two pairs of Ionic columns and pilasters, is 16 ft high and over 22 ft wide. Above is a 4 ft high entablature capped by two classical stone urns. The wide door, with its elliptical fanlight and sidelights, is set in a deep niche.</p><br>
<p>The fenestration plays a major role in determining the feeling of the facade. The windows are unusually large for the period, some measuring over 6 ft square. The variety of sash types, including 16/1, add to the richness of the design. Consoles and metal ornamentation provide additional embellishment. The consoles are two types - metal under the projecting cornice and limestone above the windows. The Former are decorated with deeply chased acanthus leaves. The latter are classical in style and serve as the keystones in the jack arches above the windows. Other decorative metal details include four types of molding (dentil, egg and dart, ogee, and plain), a large floral frieze, and chamfered metal panels.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The exterior of the Northumberland, in spite of its variety of materials and architectural elements, hardly prepares one for the explosion of decorative features and materials in the main public space of the building. The lobby has been described as unique among Wardman&#39;s many buildings. Some connoisseurs of architectural history consider it the most distinctive lobby in the city. Eclectic in design and decoration, it reflects the taste in vogue in New York City luxury apartments at the turn of the 20th century. It boasts two huge fireplaces and four columns with ornamental capitals. The staircase and lighting fixtures exhibit fine handwrought iron work. The central staircase, with white-grey marble steps, branches at the landing with separate marbleized staircases leading to each wing of the building. The three stairways are well related visually. Facing the entrance at the first landing are three original curved stained glass windows with heraldic monograms (the initial N). The two fireplaces, which face one another, are 6 ft high, 9 ft wide, and 1+1/2 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>The construction is wood, marbleized to match the color of the walls. The two marbleized staircases curve slightly and extend 6 ft from the lobby to the first floor. Each is headed by a finial in the form of an obelisk 5 ft tall, containing six marble steps, and six unusually shaped balusters. Quasi columns form the end of the staircases, complete with eclectic capitals and elements of decoration that form part of the over-all lobby pattern. An elegant arch highlights the entrance to the corridors. The main staircase to the first landing has thirteen marble steps. The lobby floor consists of the same ceramic tile and decorative pattern as is found in the corridors. The transom over the door is in the form of an arc and is decorated with an impressive marbleized border.</p><br>
<p>The lobby of the Northumberland is distinguished by a wealth of decorative ornamentation associated with European architectural embellishments derived from classical, medieval, gothic, and renaissance motifs. Its great size (44 x and height (13 ft) allowed the architect and builder great freedom in designing the motifs that make up the decoration. The marbleized walls, columns, side staircases, and fireplaces provide an elegant background for the ornamentation. The yellowish color of the imitation marble blends harmoniously with the basic buff color of the decorative plasterwork, accentuated with touches of gilt.</p><br>
<p>The Gladstone and Hawarden Apartment Buildings are historic twin buildings located in the Logan Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Built in 1900 and 1901, the Gladstone and Hawarden are early examples of middle class apartment buildings in the city. They were designed in the Romanesque Revival architectural style by prominent local architect George S. Cooper. The buildings, since converted into condominiums and a housing cooperative, were added to the National Register of Historic Places  in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On July 7, 1900, a building permit was issued to L. S. Fristoe and S. G. Connell for the construction of an apartment building at 1423 R Street NW. The 20-unit building was named the Gladstone in honor of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. The following year on July 2 another permit was issued to the Gladstone Apartment House Company for an identical apartment building to be located at 1419 R Street NW. The second 20-unit building, the Hawarden, was named for Gladstones former estate, Hawarden Castle. It is unknown why the developers chose to name the buildings after Gladstone and his estate, but according to author and historian James M. Goode, "Anglophilia current at the time in Washington may offer an explanation." Both buildings were constructed by John H. Nolan, a local real estate developer and builder whose works include the Bond Building, listed on the NRHP. The architect was George S. Cooper, who designed 24 apartment buildings in the city between 1892 and 1909. Several of his works are listed on the NRHP, including the Bond Building, Jefferson Apartment Building, Lafayette Apartment Building, and George Washington Universitys Presidents Office. The 1903 book History of the City of Washington states: "It may be thought that Mr. Coopers forte lies in the designing of apartment houses, since the handsomest in the city are a result of his genius..." and "No young man has played a more important part in the active growth and great development of Greater Washington than George S. Cooper..."</p><br>
<p>The Gladstone and Hawarden were the first twin apartment buildings constructed in the city and among the first apartment buildings in Washington, D.C. designed specifically for middle class citizens.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Gladstone and Hawarden are Romanesque Revival brick buildings which also feature Queen Anne style elements on the facades. They are five stories tall and originally featured 20 units each. The units consisted of four rooms, a kitchen, bathroom, and a long hall. The buildings, which are approximately 44 ft wide, 140 ft long, and 60 ft tall, are on the north side of R Street and a small grassy area separates the pair. The foundations are made of Portland cement, brick, and broken stone. The facades feature two four-story polygonal bays while the sides feature five-story polygonal bays. The names of the buildings are in friezes above the front entrances.</p><br>
<p>Otterburn is a Palladian-influenced Greek Revival plantation house near Bedford in Bedford County, Virginia. The hilltop house was first built in 1828 for Benjamin A. McDonald  and his wife, the former Sally Camm of Lynchburg, and overlooks the Little Otter Creek watershed. Benjamin A. McDonald, a prominent local Whig educated in Scotland, was appointed a local justice of the peace in 1832 and won election as Bedford Countys first presiding justice in 1852. Re-elected twice, he served in the countys highest office from 1852 through 1864. His associated plantation in 1825 was 1,651 acre, and included a gristmill, sawmill and dependent structures, mostly operated by enslaved labor . At its largest, the associated plantation encompassed about 2,800 acre acres, but in modern times includes fewer than 16 acre acres. Fire gutted the original house in 1841, and it was reconstructed in the Greek Revival style by 1843, with an unusual transverse hall plan, facade that makes the -story structure look only stories, and the addition of a loggia, cross-gable roof with a wrought iron balustrade and Greek Revival detailing. The surviving wash house also dates to this mid-19th-century era. During the Civil War, Union soldiers reportedly confiscated flour barrels from the house, and damaged interior stairwell railings when rolling them out.</p><br>
<p>After McDonald died in 1871, since his only child, a daughter, did not survive infancy, the property passed through several owners until 1950, when the house became the Hines Memorial Pythian Home, an orphanage operated by the Knights of Pythias. A detached dormitory added at this time remains but lacks historic significance. The orphanage closed in the early 1960s. For two years in the late 1960s the Otterburn Academy used the premises, as a private school formed during Virginia&#39;s Massive Resistance to desegregation. The property later became a rest home for the elderly. The house is being restored.</p><br>
<p>The William P. Mason House is a historic house located in Swansea, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a -story, wood-framed structure, with a side gable roof and clapboard siding. The main facade is asymmetrical, with an off-center gable and its entry sheltered by a bracketed hood. A -story ell extends to the rear, with a porch extending along its side. The house was built in about 1860, and is a fine local example of vernacular Gothic Revival styling. It occupied a prominent role in the village of Barneyville, serving as hotel, tavern, and post office at various times before about 1930, when it reverted to strictly residential use.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The N. S. Mason House is a historic house at 58 Tremont Street in Taunton, Massachusetts. Built in 1865, the -story Italianate-style side-hall-plan house features decorative porch and window moldings and bracketed gables and eaves. A large wraparound porch is highlighted by a corner cupola. Its main entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and framed by a molded surround.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is now occupied by a medical clinic.</p><br>
<p>The Squire William B. Canedy House is a historic house at 2634 N. Main Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, twin end chimneys, and wooden shingle siding. The center entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and is topped by a semi-elliptical solid fan. The house was built in 1806 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The house is one of six in the Steep Brook section of Fall River considered to best represent the pre-industrial period of the city&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cataract Engine Company No. 3 is a historic building at 116 Rock Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It also served as the meeting hall of the Richard Borden GAR Post No. 46 of the Grand Army of the Republic. It is now occupied by a tobacco shop.</p><br>
<p>The building is a two-story wood-frame structure, three bays wide, with a front-facing gable roof. A single-story porch spans the front, and plain pilasters grace the building corners. It was built in 1843 as the citys third fire station. It is the citys only surviving frame fire station, and one of its only surviving non-residential Greek Revival structures.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont Club, also known as the John Young House, is a historic house on Franklin Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. The house was built in 1845, and is one of the few surviving homes built close to the city&#39;s business district soon after the devastating 1843 fire. It was purchased by the Belmont Club in 1934. The club reopened under new ownership in December 2012.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and included in the Downtown Fall River Historic District in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Barnabus Blossom House is a historic house located at 244 Grove Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. Built in about 1800, it is one of the city&#39;s oldest surviving buildings, and significant local example of Federal architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barnabus Blossom House stands in a densely built residential area north of downtown Fall River, at the southwest corner of Grove and Walnut Streets. It is a -story, wood-framed structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a central chimney. Its central entrance is set in a round-topped opening, with fanlight above the door. It is framed by pilasters rising to a pediment broken by the rounded opening. The upper-level windows butt against the eave in a typical Federal style. The interior retains original finishes, including beaded door mouldings, simple fireplace mantels, a beehive oven in the chimney, and a corner dining room cupboard.</p><br>
<p>The houses exact construction date is not known. During restoration, a penny dated 1800 was found inside one of its walls. It was originally located on North Main Street, an area that was historically lined with houses of this period, but gradually cleared of them by demolition or movement as the downtown expanded. It was moved to its current location in the 1880s to make way for the Hotel Mellen. It is considered one of the citys best preserved homes from the early Federal period.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Corky Row Historic District is a historic district located in Fall River, Massachusetts bounded by Plymouth Avenue, Interstate-195 and Second Street. The district contains many early multi-family mill tenement houses, along with the Davol Mills, the Tecumseh Mill No. 1 and several commercial properties.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the most famous property listed within the Corky Row Historic District is the house of Andrew J. Borden, located at 230 (92 before 1896) Second Street. This house was the scene of the infamous 1892 double ax-murder of Mr. Borden and his wife, which led to the trial and acquittal of Andrew&#39;s daughter, Lizzie Borden. Today, the house has been restored as a bed-and-breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The district contains over 400 structures with an area of 96 acre and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>The Corky Row neighborhood was developed between 1840 and 1870 and represents the second major phase of expansion within the city of Fall River. Largely settled by immigrants from County Cork, Ireland who came to work in the city&#39;s burgeoning textile industry. The historic district contains dozens of four- and six- family apartment houses in various configurations, as well as a number of classic New England–style triple deckers, many built by the new cotton mills constructed during the 1860s: the Tecumseh, Davol and Robeson Mills, located along Hartwell Street on the eastern edge of the historic district.</p><br>
<p>Today, the neighborhood contains a mix of residential and commercial uses, including recent developments along Plymouth Avenue, Hartwell Street and along Second and Rodman Streets. The Tecumseh Mill was converted into housing in the 1980s. The Robeson Mills (also known as Luther Manufacturing) were demolished in the 1990s for what is now Applebee&#39;s, Walgreens and a more recently built convenience store and gas station at the corner of Rodman Street and Hartwell.</p><br>
<p>The Corky Row Club, located on Third Street was established in 1938 as an Irish social club. The James T. Griffin playground, located within a few blocks of the Corky Row Club, was named for one of the first to be killed in World War II from the area.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Mills</p><br>
<p>Davol Mills (1866, 1872), Rodman Street & Plymouth Avenue</p><br>
<p>Tecumseh Mill No.1 (1866), Hartwell Street</p><br>
<p>Houses (partial listing)</p><br>
<p>Andrew J. Borden House (1845), 230 Second Street</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Kellogg House (1874), 14-20 Brow Street</p><br>
<p>Tecumseh Mill Housing (1866), 300-308 Fifth Street</p><br>
<p>Davol Mill Housing (1870), 367-371 Fifth Street</p><br>
<p>Moses Dean House (1877), 201-203 Fourth Street</p><br>
<p>Jeremiah Shea House (1885), 486 Fourth Street</p><br>
<p>Thomas Gormley House (1881), 825 Plymouth Avenue</p><br>
<p>Commercial/other</p><br>
<p>Giesow Building (1894), 120 Third Street</p><br>
<p>Flat Iron Building (1908), 878-892 Second Street</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s School (1906), 467 Spring Street</p><br>
<p>Neill&#39;s Hotel (1899), 255 Third Street</p><br>
<p>Demolished</p><br>
<p>Robeson Mill No. 1 (1866), Hartwell Street (demolished in 2001)</p><br>
<p>Robeson Mill No. 2 (Luther Mfg. Co.) (1903), Plymouth Avenue (demolished early 1990s)</p><br>
<p>Plymouth Avenue at Lyon Street.jpgPlymouth Avenue at Lyon Street</p><br>
<p>Tecumseh Mill FR.jpgTecumseh Mill (1866)</p><br>
<p>FallRiver21June07BordenBldg.jpgGiesow Building (1894)</p><br>
<p>St Marys School FR.jpg(former) St. Mary&#39;s School (1906)</p><br>
<p>Davol Mills Fall River.jpgDavol Mills</p><br>
<p>Davol School is a historic school at 112 Flint Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was built in 1892 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The eight room elementary schoolhouse was designed by notable city architect Joseph M. Darling, on the same plan as Connell School located on Plymouth Avenue. The brick Romanesque Revival structure is two stories in height, with a projecting entry section that is topped by a square tower with an open belfry and pyramidal roof. The school was built during a major expansion of the school system, increasing the number of classrooms by 20%.</p><br>
<p>The school was closed by the city in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Metropolitan Center for High Technology, formerly S. S. Kresge World Headquarters, is an office building located at 2727 Second Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979. The office building is now part of Wayne State University and used as a business incubator for startup companies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sebastian S. Kresge was a prosperous traveling salesman when, in 1884, he purchased a part interest in two retail stores. One of them was located in Detroit; Kresge moved to the city and soon gained control of a five and dime retail store on Woodward. Kresge applied his own name to the store, and by 1899 was beginning to build a chain of five-and-dimes. By 1912, the chain had expanded to 85 Kresge stores.</p><br>
<p>Kresge incorporated his business, and set about constructing an impressive office building as its headquarters. He commissioned Albert Kahn to design an 18-story building, now known as the Kales Building, at Adams and Park. Kresge&#39;s prospered during World War I, and after the war it had begun to outgrow its home.</p><br>
<p>Kresge again hired Kahn to design a larger headquarters, this time located on Second at Cass Park, spacious enough to provide office facilities for 1,200 Kresge employees. is unique for its horizontal massing as opposed to the vertical lines of the more common skyscraper, and won awards for its outstanding architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kresge World Headquarters is a limestone-faced building, constructed in the shape of a large E with the wings pointing away from the park. The central pavilion facing Cass Park is five-and-a-half stories; the wings are only four stories. The building is a mix of styles, with the standing-seam copper Mansard roof decorated with terra cotta cresting reminiscent of Second Empire style, and the clean lines of the facade clearly Art Deco in origin.</p><br>
<p>The ordered rows of windows emphasize the horizontal, while the classical Doric pilasters at the entrance emphasize the vertical. A bandcourse separates the fourth floor from the lower levels, and the floors above have smaller windows that nevertheless resemble the lower-tier windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior uses polished granite for the entrance with inlaid walnut paneling.</p><br>
<p>Kresge used these offices until the firm moved to suburban Troy in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Highlands Historic District is a historic district roughly bounded by June, Cherry, and Weetamoe Streets, Lincoln, Highland, President, North Main, and Hood Avenues in Fall River, Massachusetts. The district lies just north of the Lower Highlands Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Highlands Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It encompasses over 1,400 acre and contains over 300 structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area known today as the "highlands" in Fall River was originally known as the Rodman Farm. The area is located along a high ridge with views of the Taunton River and Mount Hope Bay. After the original downtown area of the city suffered a devastating fire in 1843, the wealthy mill owners and their families gradually sought to distance themselves from the central business district.</p><br>
<p>The Highlands Historic District contains a wide variety of mostly residential homes largely built between 1840 and 1925. Just one home, the Church-Tory house (c.1750) at 96 French Street predates the major development of the area.</p><br>
<p>The district also includes North Park, designed by the Olmsted Brothers in the mid-1880s.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties (partial listing)</h2><br>
<p>Residential</p><br>
<p>Charles Shove House (c.1850) 715 High Street, Italianate</p><br>
<p>Church-Tory House (c.1750), 96 French Street, Colonial</p><br>
<p>Jefferson Borden House (c.1840), 386 High Street, Greek Revival</p><br>
<p>Remington-Borden House (c.1858), 511 Rock Street, Carpenter Gothic</p><br>
<p>Edmund Chase House (c.1874), 388 Rock Street, Second Empire</p><br>
<p>Philip Borden House (c.1884), 669 Rock Street, Queen Anne</p><br>
<p>Simeon Borden House (1876), 484 Highland Street, Ruskinian Gothic</p><br>
<p>Charles Buffington House (1882), 216 Prospect Street, Queen Anne</p><br>
<p>Maplecroft (Allen-Borden House) (1889), 306 French Street, Queen Anne</p><br>
<p>Michael T. Hudner House (1900), 674 Highland Avenue</p><br>
<p>Educational/public</p><br>
<p>Westall School (1907), 276 Maple Street</p><br>
<p>Fall River Technical School (1929), 290 Rock Street</p><br>
<p>Quequechan Firehouse (1873), 330 Prospect Street</p><br>
<p>Anawan No. 6 Firehouse (1873), North Main Street</p><br>
<p>Religious</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church (1913), 282 Rock Street</p><br>
<p>United Presbyterian Church (1924), 414 Rock Street</p><br>
<p>Temple Beth-El (1928), 385 High Street</p><br>
<h2>Properties with separate NRHP listings</h2><br>
<p>B.M.C Durfee High School (1886), 289 Rock Street, added in 1981</p><br>
<p>Osborn House (1843), 456 Rock Street, added in 1980</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Park  is a 57 acre historic park located in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is bounded by South Main Street, Bradford Avenue, Middle, and Bay Streets in the southern part of the city. The area of the city where the park is located was until 1862, part of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park was originally the farm of John Durfee. The location gained national attention in December 1832, when the pregnant lifeless body of Sarah M. Cornell was found hanging from a stackpole there. Her death was later deemed to be murder. Methodist minister Ephraim K. Avery was accused of the crime, but acquitted after a sensational trial. The verdict outraged many local citizens. Sarah&#39;s body was initially buried on the Durfee farm, but moved years later to Oak Grove Cemetery when the park was being built.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1868, designed by famed 19th century landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, the park was originally known as "South Park". It was updated in 1904 by the Olmsted Brothers. The park was renamed in 1963 following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The park provides a vast area of open space in the middle of a particularly dense portion of the city, surrounded by many triple-decker working-class tenement houses and the Catholic St. Anne&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The park has three sections: a flat upper section used for baseball and recreation fields, a sloping middle portion with sweeping views of Mount Hope Bay, and a lower somewhat wooded portion along the Bay.</p><br>
<p>The park was added to the National Historic Register in 1983. It was restored in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Park has long been used a place for public events in the city.</p><br>
<p>In September 1996, over 25,000 people gathered in the lower portion of the park to see then President Bill Clinton during a campaign stop for his 1996 re-election.</p><br>
<p>Each August since 1986, the park hosts the Great Holy Ghost Feast of New England, a celebration of Azorean culture which attracts over 200,000 people each year.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, an "inclusion playground" opened in Kennedy Park, which features equipment accessible to children with disabilities. The park includes a partially fenced playground area with slides, a seesaw, and mini monkey bars.</p><br>
<p>The William M. Manley House is a historic house located in Fall River, Massachusetts. The brick house was built in 1876. The double-bay wooden storefronts / porches were added around 1894 and expanded in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The house is an unusual Italianate brick villa with a matching carriage house. William Manley, a mason and builder had his office and house located here in 1876. He sold the property to the Taunton Brick Co. who held the property until 1887 when they sold it to the Second Baptist Society of Fall River. They used it as a parsonage until 1909. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The William Lindsey House is a historic house located at 373 North Main Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was designed by Rhode Island architect Russell Warren in 1844 for William Lindsey, a local merchant. It is one of seven extant monumental temple-fronted Greek Revival houses in Fall River, along with the John Mace Smith House next door. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a hip roof topped by an octagonal cupola. The Greek temple front consists of a fully pedimented gable and entablature supported by four fluted Corinthian columns.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is used for law offices.</p><br>
<p>108–112 Quarry Street is a historic house located in Fall River, Massachusetts. The -story house was built in 1850.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>At that time, it was considered to be a Greek Revival cottage in "pristine condition, representative of the best mid-19th century vernacular architecture in Fall River", with its original clapboard siding, windows, doors and detailing. However, since then, it has been significantly altered, with vinyl siding added and original doors, windows and detailing removed.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Fall River Waterworks is a 22 acre historic site located at the eastern end Bedford Street in Fall River, Massachusetts, along the shore of North Watuppa Pond. The property, which is still used as a water works for the city, contains the original pumping station, intake house and 121 ft tall standpipe water tower. The system was originally built between 1872 and 1875, and expanded or upgraded many times. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The property also contains several non-contributing modern structures, that are still in use as part of the water works, including the 1976 filtration plant, the 1922 administration building, maintenance buildings and two large mid-20th century steel water tanks. The water supply system provides an average of 11 million gallons per day to Fall River and several surrounding communities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 1870 and 1875, the City of Fall River experienced remarkable population growth. To keep up with demand for water for drinking and fire protection purposes, the Fall River Board of Water Commissioners was established in 1871. The buildings for the waterworks were constructed between 1872 and 1875 along the shore of North Watuppa Pond, a large naturally occurring water body at the east end of the city. The original buildings were constructed from local Fall River granite, mostly in the Ruskinian Gothic style. The engine house was designed to contain four engines, two for the high-service system and two for the low-service system. Initially, the system only contained two engines, one for each system. The first engine went into service in January 1874. It was a double horizontal condensing engine, built by the Boston Machine Company, and rated at 3 million gallons per day. It served the low-service system, which consisted of a 24-inch force main down Bedford Street to downtown. The high-service system consisted of a 16-inch force main down Bedford Street to Robeson, where it split to the higher elevations on each side of the Quequechan River. The high-service system went into service in 1875, and was supplied by a Worthington duplex pumping engine powering a pump rated at 5 million gallons per day. The pump house was also fitted with gates so that each pump could power either the high or low systems, if needed. By 1876, more than 45 miles of water pipe, ranging from 6 to 24 inches in diameter had been installed throughout the city.</p><br>
<p>The National Register designation includes the original pumping station that consists of the engine house, boiler house and coal house, the intake building, the standpipe water tower, as well as the 1908 Narrows gate house located at the southern end of North Watuppa Pond, adjacent to Interstate 195.</p><br>
<p>Fall River Bleachery is an historic textile bleachery on Jefferson Street in Fall River, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The bleachery was built in 1872 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>The primary product of most of the mills in Fall River was cotton print cloth. Much of it was printed at the American Print Works, which was one of the largest such companies in the United States. The best printing results are obtained from pure white cloth. During the period between 1870 and 1872, the city of Fall River grew rapidly, adding dozens of new mills during this time.</p><br>
<p>By 1872, Spencer Borden, the son of Jefferson Borden, had become trained chemist and had travelled to Europe to study the process of bleaching and dyeing textiles. On his return trip to the United States, he gathered a group of mill owners, including ones in New Bedford and Rhode Island to discuss the idea of establishing a large-scale bleachery in the area. A committee was formed to locate a suitable site. They tested the quality of the water supply in several areas in Fall River, Somerset, Tiverton, and as far north as Bridgewater. It was finally decided to locate the new bleachery at the mouth of Sucker Brook, where it flowed into South Watuppa Pond, in the southeast corner of the city of Fall River. The Sucker Brook is fed by Stafford Pond, a spring-fed water body in nearby Tiverton, Rhode Island. Its water was exceptionally pure with a high flow rate.</p><br>
<p>The bleachery mills were soon constructed from native Fall River granite found on the site. The factory was designed so that the water from the brook could flow through the facility without the need for pumping. Jefferson Borden was chosen as the first president of the company, which had a capacity to process up to thirteen tons of cotton annually.</p><br>
<p>The site would later be expanded over the years to keep up with demand from the many area mills. By about 1906, the bleachery had a capacity of 50 tons per day. In 1938 business conditions deteriorated and the company fell into the hands of creditors who decided to close the bleachery and liquidate the company. The machinery and equipment of the Fall River Bleachery was sold at auction on October 13, 1938.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the complex was destroyed by fire on October 30, 1967.</p><br>
<p>It is currently the headquarters for Spectrum Lighting, Inc., an architectural lighting manufacturer.</p><br>
<p>The John M. Earle House is a historic house located in Fall River, Massachusetts, United States. It was built in 1870 by John M. Earle, a carpenter, in the Italianate Villa style. The Earle House is located on Durfee Street in a gentrifying neighborhood which has experienced commercial encroachment from downtown.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Since that time, the house has been significantly altered with much of the original wood details removed, including quoins, and covered with vinyl siding. The original windows have also been replaced.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Fall River Historic District is a historic district on North and South Main, Bedford, Granite, Bank, Franklin, and Elm Streets in Fall River, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Downtown Fall River Historic District contains many historic banks and other commercial properties primarily along North Main Street. This area was greatly impacted by the Great Fire of 1928, which destroyed many buildings located in what is now the historic district. As a result, many of the buildings date from about 1928 or 1929, having been rebuilt shortly after the fire. The area was also greatly impacted in the 1960s with the construction of Interstate-195 through the center of downtown, which resulted in the demolition of the Old City Hall, the Second Granite Block and several other 19th century commercial blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>(partial listing)</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office, Bedford Street</p><br>
<p>State Armory, Bank Street</p><br>
<p>Public Library, North Main Street</p><br>
<p>Bank Five (formerly Fall River Five Cents Savings Bank), North Main Street</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple, North Main Street</p><br>
<p>Police Athletic League Hall, Franklin Street</p><br>
<p>Coughlin School is a historic school building located at 1975 Pleasant Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was built in 1893, and was one of nine new grammar schools built in the city during the 1890s. It was designed by Frank Irving Cooper, who also designed the similar Osborn Street School, along with many other schools throughout New England.</p><br>
<p>The eight room elementary school was named for Dr. John W. Coughlin, who served as mayor of Fall River during the early 1890s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Coughlin School was one of about a dozen elementary schools closed in June 2008 by the city, with the opening of several new, larger buildings.</p><br>
<p>It suffered a fire on August 22, 2015.</p><br>
<p>William M. Connell School is a historic school located at 650 Plymouth Avenue in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was built in 1893 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It was designed by notable city architect Joseph M. Darling on the same plan as the Davol School. The school is named after William Connell, who served as the city&#39;s Superintendent of Schools from 1872 to 1894.</p><br>
<p>The Connell School was one of about a dozen elementary schools closed in June 2008 by the city, with the opening of several new, larger buildings.</p><br>
<p>The William Collins House is a historic house in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was built in 1800 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The house is a small -story vernacular farmhouse with the typical five-bay, center chimney plan. It has window trim elements that are probably a mid-19th century Italianate addition. It is one of six houses in the Steep Brook area considered to be the best representatives of the pre-industrial era of the citys history, amplified by the houses setting on a large and semi-rural lot.</p><br>
<p>The N. B. Borden School is a historic school building at 43 Morgan Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is a three-story red brick building with a mansard roof pierced by shed-roof dormers, and brownstone beltcourses above each level. It was built in 1867–68, during a period of growth in the city, and was used for many years as a vocational training school. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Also known as the Morgan Street School, it was named for Nathaniel B. Borden, who was the owner of the Pocasset Mills, as well as a former mayor, state representative and USA Representative. Borden died in 1865, and the school was named after him on its founding in 1867.</p><br>
<p>The Morgan Street School was the oldest operating school in the city when it closed in 2007. Students were transferred to the new Carlton M. Viveiros Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Keven Santos, co-owner of T.A. Restaurant purchased the school from the city for $5,000 with the promise to convert the school to market rate housing. The city had turned down other, more well established developers who also bid for the property in favor of Santos.</p><br>
<p>After many years and no progress made on the school, Santos made the decision to demolish the school instead of developing into apartments in 2019. The Preservation Society of Fall River investigated and asked the Historical Commission to place a 6-month delay on the demolition. The biggest point of contention was a missing purchase & sales agreement between Santos and the city. The city was unable to find their copy of the agreement.</p><br>
<p>As of August 5th, 2021, the Nathaniel B. Borden School has been demolished after a long battle between the private owner, the local non-profit Preservation Society and the city&#39;s Historical Commission. The owner plans to convert the site to a surface parking lot for customers of their restaurant around the corner on South Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The A. J. Borden Building is a historic commercial building located at 91–111 South Main Street in Fall River, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1889 by Andrew Jackson Borden and designed by Fall River architect Joseph M. Darling, who also notably designed several schools in the city.</p><br>
<p>After Borden&#39;s murder in 1892, the building was occupied by various businesses and owned by his daughter, Lizzie Borden until her death in 1927. The JJ Newbury dime store later occupied the building from 1931 into the early 1980s when it was acquired by Aetna Insurance Company. Today, it is occupied by the Travelers of Massachusetts insurance company.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Ariadne J. and Mary A. Borden House is a historic house located at 92 Globe Street in Fall River, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story, wood-framed structure designed in the Second Empire style, complete with a mansard roof pierced by dormers, paired sawn brackets at the eaves, and a single-story bracketed porch. It was built in 1882 for Ariadne and Mary Borden, sisters who were both principals of grammar schools (and distant relations to Lizzie Borden&#39;s father). The structure is considered one of the best examples of a small two-story mansard cottage in the city.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The William Lawrence House is a historic house at 101 Somerset Avenue in Taunton, Massachusetts. It was built in 1860 by local carpenter Abel Burt for William Lawrence, a salesman. It is a two-story roughly square wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof topped by a cupola. The main entrance is set in a round-arch opening with a transom window, and its front porch features chamfered posts. The house contains a unique mix of Italianate elements, such as its square plan, large cupola and bracketed eaves, combined with Second Empire elements such as its unusual Mansard roof with ogee curve sides and pronounced dormers.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Endicott Estate is a mansion built in the early twentieth century, located at 656 East Street in Dedham, Massachusetts “situated on a 15-acre panorama of lush green lawn that is punctuated by stately elm, spruce and weeping willow trees.” It was built by Henry Bradford Endicott, founder of the Endicott Johnson Corporation, and donated to the Town by his adopted stepdaughter, Katherine. After she died it was briefly owned by the state and intended to be used as the official residence of the Governor of Massachusetts, but was quickly returned to the Town. Today it is used for a variety of civic events and is rented out for private parties.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>On January 12, 1904, Henry Endicott&#39;s home burnt to the ground while he and his family were away. The fire department was not able to get to the estate in time as they were dealing with three other fires simultaneously, including one at the fire house, and deep snow. The fire was discovered around 10 p.m. by a caretaker who lived in the house. It took several hours to extinguish the flames. The house and furnishings were valued at more than $15,000.</p><br>
<p>It is said that "Henry took the burning of the homestead as a divine command to rebuild, and rebuild he did, although not without incident.” He cleared the ashes away and built a new homestead on the 15 acre parcel, today known as the Endicott Estate, and bought a new fire truck for the Town.</p><br>
<p>The three-story house he constructed has nine bathrooms, eight bedrooms, a library, a music room, a ballroom, a mirrored parlor, a butlers kitchen, a linen room, and servants quarters. When a radiator burst during the construction, "causing a raging river to crash down the main stairway," he tore down one end of the house and burned a pile of beautiful wall paneling, parquet floors, and elegant woodwork, much to the dismay of his neighbors. An additional 70 was then added onto the house. Construction cost $60,000. A gardeners cottage was built across the street at 132 Sanderson St.</p><br>
<p>When complete, it included "carved moldings that couldn&#39;t be reproduced at any cost," large all marble bathrooms, "intricate wall sconces," and a pipe organ. Katherine would never allow a tree, no matter how old, to be cut down.</p><br>
<h2>Donation to Dedham</h2><br>
<p>When he died in 1920 he left the building to his wife, who in turn left it to her daughter Katherine in 1944. In 1955, Katherine wrote a letter to the Board of Selectmen, indicating that she intended to leave the house and grounds, then-valued at $600,000, to the Town when she died. At the time, it was speculated that it may become the site of a new high school, swimming pool, and town hall.</p><br>
<p>Katherine, who lived with a staff of 12 on the Estate, died in 1967 without any children and willed the land and the estate to the town for "public educational purposes, public recreational purposes, or other exclusively public purposes." At the time the "town didn&#39;t know quite what to do with it," leaving them with "a most pleasant problem." The several schools that were in need of construction in 1955 had already been built by this point.</p><br>
<h2>Governor&#39;s mansion</h2><br>
<p>Not knowing what else to do, Town Meeting voted to offer it to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to be used as the Massachusetts Governor&#39;s Mansion after going to Probate Court to change the terms of the will. The state agreed to pay $160,000, plus $20,000 a year to partially recoup the taxes that would be lost on it. The year before Katherine died, taxes were $50,000.</p><br>
<p>The effort to purchase the Estate was a bipartisan effort, with Dedhams Republican representative, Harold Rosen, and Bostons Gerald Morissey, a Democrat, filing the legislation to take the Estate. The chairmen of both state parties issued statements supporting the purchase. Governor John Volpe took the title to the 25 room estate, which became his first choice after touring it in May, in a ceremony on December 7, 1967. The public was invited to attend a reception where Volpe&#39;s wife, Jennie, chatted with residents. Locals believed the town would become "the second capital" of Massachusetts. The Volpes sold their home in Winchester, Massachusetts in early-1968.</p><br>
<p>Renovations to the house were needed, which was described as "a mixture of elegance and impracticality" for the beautiful construction but lack of dishwasher, garbage disposal, and electric wiring that could not handle air conditioning. It was said that it was a "sprawling, fascinating house that needs a lot of the most careful kind of renovation." A five-member commission was created to oversee the work, and William G. Perry of Perry, Dean, Hepburn & Stewart was hired to develop the plans.</p><br>
<p>Original estimates ran around $100,000, and the commission asked for an initial $300,000 appropriation to "convert it from a home to a spacious place for the state to entertain." The kitchen was to be updated, and the dining room expanded to seat at least 60 people, much more than the original 16. The commission planned to install air conditioning and to furnish and decorate the home with historic pieces from the Museum of Fine Arts and other wealthy citizens. While the home had multiple bathrooms, it only had one shower, a "a cocoon-like metal contraption that sprays water from all directions" with undependable water temperature.</p><br>
<p>Parking for 100 cars was planned, a helicopter landing pad was also discussed, as was a gym and swimming pool. The caretaker&#39;s home was to be converted into a permanent residence for five or six Massachusetts state troopers who would provide security. An additional staff of five to 12 people, possibly inmates from state prisons, to run the house was considered. A fence and additional landscaping was also planned. Plans alone cost $20,000.</p><br>
<p>Jennie Volpe, who was made an honorary commission member to provide "realistic advice," wanted an upstairs work room so that her husband would not disturb her while she was in bed, as well as a chapel. It soon became apparent that it would be cheaper to build a brand new mansion than to remodel the estate to Jennie Volpe&#39;s "lavish taste" and "crazy notions," including ripping out the "incomparable mahogany and sycamore wood paneling" and replacing it with pastel plaster. The Massachusetts General Court denied a request for an additional $385,000.</p><br>
<p>By May 1968, cost estimates ran as high as $1 million, and the Commonwealth gave the Estate back to the Town in 1969. In his inaugural address, new Governor Francis W. Sargent said "Massachusetts, in 1969, cannot afford the luxury of a million dollar Governor&#39;s Mansion."</p><br>
<h2>Modern usage</h2><br>
<p>The Endicott Estate is now used to host a multitude of events, both formal and informal. This ranges from “weddings, receptions, and cocktail parties, to business meetings, art shows and more”, such as the Annual BSAAC Antique Car Show, Car Corral & Trading Bee Family Fun Day. The mansion&#39;s main floor houses a Grand Ballroom, which is “framed by Ionic columns and duel balustrades, adds a classical touch to holiday parties, art shows, concerts and seminars.” The lower level of the structure is complete with a library, dining room, mirrored parlor, music room, as well as a fully functional kitchen. There are also six rooms on the upper level, which are mostly used for workshops and business meetings.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. What was a nine car garage on the Mt. Vernon Street side of the property today serves as the Endicott branch of the Dedham Public Library. A fire destroyed the barn, which was built in 1932, in the early morning hours of November 16, 2019.</p><br>
<p>A fundraising group, the Friends of the Endicott Estate, was founded by Virginia Schortmann. Another organization, the Katherine Endicott Foundation, was founded in the 2000s.</p><br>
<p>The Dedham Village Historic District is a historic district encompassing the historic center of Dedham, Massachusetts. Its principal focus is a stretch of High Street between Bridge and Ames Streets; it extends south along Bridge Street to Haven Street, as well as along Ames and Court Streets, and small streets adjacent. The area has been associated with the growth and development of Dedham since the community was established in 1636. Its most notable structure is the Norfolk County Courthouse, a National Historic Landmark. It also includes the Old Village Cemetery. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is roughly bounded by Village Avenue and High, Court, Washington, School, and Chestnut Streets.</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk Grange Hall, previously known as First Baptist Church, is a historic Grange hall and former Baptist church at 28 Rockwood Road in Norfolk, Massachusetts. Built in 1863, it is one of the town&#39;s few surviving 19th-century civic buildings. Since 1921 it has been owned by the Norfolk Grange # 135 and used as its meeting hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Norfolk Grange Hall is set on the east side of Rockwood Road (Massachusetts Route 115), a short way north of Norfolks village center. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The center section of the front (west-facing) facade projects slightly, and supports a two-stage tower topped by a flared roof. The buildings corners are quoined, and the front gable is fully pedimented, with modillions at the rake and eave edges. Entrances are found to either side of the center projecting section, topped by half-round transom windows.</p><br>
<p>The Baptists of Norfolk were organized about 1800, when the area was known as North Wrentham (it was incorporated as Norfolk in 1870). They first met at a parish in Medfield, and then in the old congregational meeting house when that was vacated by its congregation in 1842. In 1861, with that building requiring extensive repairs, the congregation opted to build a new edifice, resulting in the construction of this building the following year. It served that congregation, with minimal alteration, until 1921, when its declining enrollment prompted the sale of the building to the local Grange chapter.</p><br>
<p>The Grange chapter, organized in 1886, and took a significant place in the then-agricultural community that it has maintained to this day. It updated the building, adding electricity and plumbing, and has over the years opened it to all manner of civic and social functions. From 1922, when the town hall burned down, until 1949, town meetings and other town business was conducted here. The public library was housed in space at its rear from 1922 to 1956. Of the town&#39;s 19th-century public buildings, only the Federated Church is older (built in 1832).</p><br>
<p>Cobbs Tavern is a historic colonial tavern building in Sharon, Massachusetts. It is a -story wood-frame building, with brick end walls, a central chimney, and a pair of chimneys near the left wall. A single-story porch extends across the buildings rightmost five bays. The original part of the house was built c. 1740, and is known to have served as a tavern for most of the 19th century. It also housed the East Sharon Post Office between 1817 and 1895. It is now a private residence and the home of Jessica stanford, as well as jeffrey Stanford.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Walpole Town Hall is a historic town hall building at 972 Main Street in Walpole, Massachusetts, USA. The two-story brick building was designed by J. Williams Beal and completed in 1881. The building exhibits Classical Revival with Romanesque elements. Its most prominent feature is its 70 ft square clock tower, topped by a pyramidal roof. The entrance is recessed at the base of the tower, under a large round-arch opening trimmed in brownstone.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Hillside Cemetery is a historic cemetery on West Main Street  between Brown Street and Charles Street in North Adams, Massachusetts, United States. Located on the western fringe of the city, the earliest portions of the cemetery date to 1798; it is the communitys oldest public burying ground. The cemetery is divided by Route 2, with the older section to the north and the younger section  to the south. The cemeterys location at the foot of Mount Greylock gives it excellent views of the surrounding area, and of the urban core of North Adams.</p><br>
<p>The older portion of the cemetery is less formally laid out than the newer section. It includes a fairly steeply sloped hill and a bowl-shaped valley, and is lined by grassy paths laid out in a grid. The oldest graves are at the top of the hill, the oldest dating to 1798. The southern portion of the cemetery is much larger, and is laid out with narrow roadways, most of which were in place by 1878. The terrain of the southern section is similar to that of the northern, also featuring a hill and valley. The most prominent memorial is the Tinker Mausoleum (1926), located in the northern section.</p><br>
<p>The oldest surviving cemetery in North Adams is the Old Congregational Burying Ground (1780). Hillside appears to have been established as a family cemetery of the locally prominent Knight family, who buried their daughter Olive in 1798. Members of the Knight family were among the first to introduce textile manufacturing into North Adams, its early source of growth and prosperity in the 19th century. The town of Adams (from which North Adams separated in 1878) purchased the southern tract in 1858. North Adams&#39; second public cemetery, located in the southern part of the city, was opened in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Edwin Thayer Barlow, architect</p><br>
<p>East Lawn Cemetery and Sherman Burbank Memorial Chapel is a historic cemetery and chapel at 605 Main Street in Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1842, it is the newest and largest cemetery in Williamstown; the two older cemeteries date to the 18th century. It was established at a time when West Lawn Cemetery  was in need of expansion, and this site was chosen for the location of a new cemetery. The initial few acres of land were donated by Asahel Foote, who sat on the committee formed to investigate the town&#39;s cemetery needs. The cemetery grew in size over the next several decades, reaching a size of about 40 acre by the early 20th century. Approximately half of the cemetery  and its associated chapel were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Sherman Burbank Memorial Chapel was designed in 1935 by Frank Rushmore Watson in the Late Gothic Revival style, and dedicated in 1937. An associated cottage, probably intended for a caretaker, was also planned but never built. The funding for the chapel came from Sherman H. Banks of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, whose mother was from the Sherman family that was one of Williamstown&#39;s oldest. The chapel is located near the cemetery entrance, not far from Main Street. In addition to the main chapel chamber, it has a space off to one side for use as a receiving vault, and a porte cochere with a small hall and other facilities on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The East Main Street Cemetery is a historic cemetery on East Main Street in Dalton, Massachusetts. The cemetery is one of the oldest in the town, with grave markers dating to the 1780s. It was founded on land owned by the Chamberlin family, whose identified graves make up about 20 percent of roughly 250 gravesites. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Recorded settlement of what is now Dalton, Massachusetts began in 1755, and the town was incorporated in 1784. The Chamberlin family, who were among its early settlers, owned the land along what is now East Main Street, and set aside this parcel of land as a burial ground. The oldest gravestone with a date is marked 1781; earlier burials are possible, but lack documentation and earlier gravestones may have been vandalized or stolen.</p><br>
<p>Some time in the early 19th century (definitely by 1830) the town assumed ownership of the cemetery. The cemetery was used most heavily in the mid-19th century, with usage declining in favor of the Main Street Cemetery (also listed on the National Register of Historic Places), which was laid out in the rural cemetery style that had come into fashion. In contrast, burial practices at East Main Street continued to follow the early traditions, with simple headstones and a graves laid out in relatively straight rows. The last burial at East Main Street took place in 1895. In 1887 the town was asked to consider relocating the bodies in the cemetery to Main Street, but no vote was held on the matter.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is a plot of 2 acre. Graves are arranged in rows emanating from a central aisle. In its early days the boundaries of the cemetery were marked by stone walls, but these were replaced in the 19th century by wood fencing, and chain link fencing in 1985. The stone gate marking the entrance is the most prominent feature of the cemetery. Most of the gravestones are modest in size and decoration; there are only five significant markers. The two largest of these flank the entrance gate, and are miod 19th century monuments for Chamberlin family members. A similarly styled monument to those two commemorates the Maynard family, while a squat obelisk in the tenth row marks graves of the Cleveland family. The most ornate marker is for James Bardin (died 1855): it has a high pedestal supporting a round column, topped by an urn and encircled by a wreath.</p><br>
<p>Most of the cemetery&#39;s stones are not in very good condition. Many have been vandalized, and a number may have been stolen, given that surveys over the years show declining numbers of stones. Many stones have become difficult or impossible to read due to weathering, and some broken stones have simply been placed further into the ground, obscuring writing on the buried portions.</p><br>
<p>Fairview Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Curtis Avenue in Dalton, Massachusetts. Established in 1885, the cemetery became the resting ground for many of Dalton&#39;s heavily Irish Catholic working class, and is stylistically reflective of changing trends in burial practices away from the rural cemetery movement of the mid-19th century. The cemetery, still in active use, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Fairview Cemetery is located in a residential area north of Dalton&#39;s Main Street, and consists of about 6.3 acre, bounded by Warren Avenue on the west, Washington Street on the north, and Curtis Avenue on the east, with residences lining John Street to the south. It has the same number of plots as the larger (10-acre) Main Street Cemetery. The street side of the cemetery, facing Curtis Street, is lined with wrought iron fencing, and features a main gate with granite gateposts. The remaining sides of the cemetery are closed off from the surrounding neighborhood by chain link fencing. The grounds of the cemetery were designed in the fashionable rural cemetery style, with winding paths and mature plantings, although the density of plots is somewhat higher than typical. Most of the grave markers are modest in scope and scale. The cemetery continues in active use.</p><br>
<p>Dalton&#39;s Catholic population grew in the mid-19th century with an influx of Irish immigrants, who worked mainly as farmers and laborers. By 1861 a mission church had been established, and St. Agnes was established as its first permanent congregation in 1881. The church leadership also sought to establish a cemetery dedicated to Catholics, their burials taking place in the Main Street Cemetery prior to the founding of Fairview. The cemetery was actually established by the town, which established a committee of trustees for it in 1885. The land was bought from the Carson & Brown Company in 1885, after a planned division of the Main Street Cemetery and acquisition of adjacent lands fell through.</p><br>
<p>Maple Street Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Maple Street in Adams, Massachusetts. Established about 1760, it is the town&#39;s oldest cemetery, serving as a burying ground for its early Quaker settlers, as well as for some of its prominent 19th-century citizens. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Maple Street Cemetery occupies 16 acre of land north of Adams&#39; central business district, stretched along the north side of Maple Street between Forest Park Avenue and Notch Road. The setting is on a rise above the plain of the Hoosic River, with nearby Mount Greylock as a backdrop to the west.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is Adams oldest, with its earliest burials dating to 1760. This first small plot, housing the unmarked graves of Adams early Quaker settlers, is near the listed Quaker Meetinghouse (built 1784). A second town-owned cemetery, established before 1800 at the eastern end of the current parcel, was joined with it in 1859 to form a single town-owned cemetery. A major update of its landscape was implemented in the late 1860s to a design by local civil engineer Charles F. Sayles, in which the present network of roads and lanes was established. During the 1930s the cemetery infrastructure underwent some rehabilitation, and a project of the Works Projects Administration lined the cemetery roadways with locally quarried marble.</p><br>
<p>The largest and most elaborate funerary monument is that of the Plunkett family, which owned and operated some of the town&#39;s mills. A second cemetery was not laid out in Adams until 1888, when Bellevue Cemetery was established.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Main Street in Dalton, Massachusetts. Although the cemetery dates to 1781, much of it was laid out in the 19th century, during the rural cemetery movement. Its most prominent burials are those of the Crane family, whose papermaking business, Crane and Company, has dominated Dalton since the 1820s. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Main Street Cemetery is located on the western fringe of Dalton&#39;s developed downtown area, near its town line with Pittsfield. It is bounded on the south by Main Street, the west by Park Avenue, the north by properties fronting on John Street, and the east by properties fronting on Willis Street and Flansburg Avenue. It is roughly rectangular, and about 10 acre in size. Its most visible element is a long concrete wall, built in 1911, that separates it from Main Street. The cemetery grounds consist of meandering gravel paths, dotted with mature trees and other plantings. The cemetery has more than 850 burials, and remains in active use.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the cemetery appears to be its northeastern section, which is where the towns first meeting house was located. The cemeterys oldest dated burials are from 1788, not long after the towns incorporation (1784). The two largest plots in the cemetery are those of the Crane and Weston families, both of which have been historically important to the towns papermaking business. The cemetery chapel, built in 1907, is a prominent local example of Gothic Revival architecture, designed by the Pittsfield firm of Harding & Seaver.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Josephine Porter Boardman, socialite and patron of the arts who co-founded the Metropolitan Museum of Art</p><br>
<p>Bruce Crane, Businessman and politician who was president and chairman of Crane & Co. and a member of the Massachusetts Governor&#39;s Council</p><br>
<p>Winthrop Murray Crane, political figure and businessman who was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, Governor of Massachusetts, and a United States senator</p><br>
<p>Byron Weston, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1880 to 1883</p><br>
<p>The Old Covered Bridge, also known as the Upper Sheffield Covered Bridge, is a covered bridge on Covered Bridge Lane in Sheffield, Massachusetts. It is a replica of an 1837 lattice truss bridge that was destroyed by fire in 1994. At the time of its destruction it was the oldest covered bridge in Massachusetts. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The bridge is open to pedestrians.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Covered Bridge is located just east of the village of Sheffield Plain, spanning the Housatonic River at the ends of Covered Bridge Lane. The bridge is approached from the west by a causeway extending all the way to United States Route 7, and from the east by a causeway about 0.5 mi long, both crossing the river&#39;s flood plain. The bridge is 93 ft long, and rests on granite abutments, one of which is of 19th-century origin, while the other was the result of a 20th-century rehabilitation of the 1837 bridge. The bridge has two lattice trusses built to the patent of Ithiel Town, whose lower members have been doubled for added strength. The exterior is finished in vertical board siding, and it is covered by a gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The 1837 bridge was one of the oldest known examples of a Town truss, built to an updated version of Town&#39;s patent published in 1835. The bridge underwent period maintenance, and was closed to traffic in 1970 after the Labor Day 1969 UFO Incident. The original bridge was restored in 1974 and 1981, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The bridge was destroyed by fire in 1994, and the replacement bridge was complete in 1996. The fire was determined to be arson, set by local teenagers. The bridge was rebuilt to plans that had been drawn during its restoration.</p><br>
